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Multi-Faith
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[Back to Faith Index] [Back to Document Index] [Search] Document No 28 2003 Page last updated: 6 August, 2005 Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Trust Hospital Chaplaincy - the spiritual care of patients
1 HUMANIST AND ATHEIST (NON RELIGIOUS) 2 PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS (such as SPIRITISM) 3 BAHÁ'I
4 BUDDHIST
TAOISM AND CONFUCIANISM
6 HINDUISM
8 MUSLIM
9 SIKHISM
10 CHINESE
11 OTHER GROUPS:
CHAPLAINCY DEPARTMENT The Spiritual Care of Patients SPIRITUAL CARE AND RELIGIOUS CULTURE About 70% of the population express some belief in God and almost all the remainder identify a need for some deeper significance in their lives. The Patients Charter charges Trusts to respect the religious and cultural beliefs of patients, and each Trust should make provision for the spiritual needs of patients and staff. The word religion has complex overtones. For example Jewish may indicate race, or national identity or religion. Moslem may mean religion, Arab culture etc. C of E may mean religion, cultural background, or a variety of Christian expressions. These overtones cloud the real spiritual need of the human soul. For example the need of love, dignity, values and hopes. Every person has a need for a sense of security of self-worth and significance. So every person builds up a spiritual life consisting of their own mix of beliefs, religion, values and attitudes with cultural norms of behaviour, which should address these issues. These are often expressed through a formal and recognised religion but also may be through, e.g. a political ideology, humanist philosophy, or social group, and if our nursing care is to be holistic it must take this aspect of patients very seriously. We list here some of the main religious/spiritual expressions – a general survey of their historical and geographical development. Further help may be sought from the Chaplaincy. Sources for the material in these notes are:
Other Contacts are:
Review These are notes hopefully to provide general guidelines for the wards. If there are suggestions to improve them please contact one of the Chaplaincy team. Revd J Arthur Roberts May 2001 THE HOSPITAL CHAPLAINCYThe Chaplaincy exists to support patients, relatives and staff within the hospital. Members of the team are available at almost anytime. In line with the Health care Chaplaincy Standards, its key purpose is to enable individuals and groups in a health care setting to respond to spiritual and emotional need, and for the experiences of life and death, illness and injury, in the context of a faith or belief system. The Chaplaincy Team: (See over for photographs of Team) Senior Chaplain - The Rev J A Roberts Chaplains' Office telephone extension - 4024 (West Cheshire Hospital) Answer machine - 4543 (Chapel Vestry) Bleep - 2591 or Roman Catholic 2592 Support Lay Visitors: Mrs Joy Adams, Mr Rod Smith, Mr Bob Jackson, Mrs Gill Hibbert, Mrs Janet Thorp, Mrs Val Powell The Wards: A programme of visiting the wards is in place whereby the members of the team try to meet people's needs, in addition to that which may have been detected by the nursing staff or expressed by the patient. It helps if the patient's religious affiliation is detailed on admittance. This can be of important help to the Chaplaincy in meeting the needs and monitoring any trends. The Chapel: The Chapel is situated at the end of the first floor corridor, near to ‘the Bridge'. It is open at all times for quiet and personal prayer and reflection. There is some literature available and ‘Holy Books'. The Tree of Lights Book of Honour and Baby Memorial book are kept in the Chapel. Prayer: Prayer requests can be left in the Prayer Request Book kept in the Chapel. Service: There is a weekly service of Holy Communion every Sunday at 11.00am until 11.30am – it is open to all irrespective of denomination. Patients can be taken to and returned from this service. [Index] FORMAT OF EACH SECTIONThere can, of course, be no substitute for a sympathetic understanding of the needs of each individual patient. Not all members of a particular faith will be equally practising or equally orthodox and so we can only offer here a general framework within which there will be much individual variation. These notes can therefore only be a very general guide, offering some clues to help you towards that understanding. We live in a richly diverse multi-cultural society. The United Kingdom now has immigrant communities who have been resident here for decades. We also have ethnic groups who have arrived only recently. But for all of these, whether born here or newcomers, customs and practices, religious and otherwise are often passed on from one generation to the next. In the interests of harmony these notes have been prepared to provide staff with a simple guide to some of the beliefs and customs which are particularly relevant in the context of their work. They are not a full account but seek to draw attention to some salient points. Each Section generally takes the same form, ie GENERAL MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
MEDICAL CARE
DEATH AND DYING FURTHER REFERENCE:
[Index] Differences in language can often hamper communication between staff and patients. Some of the most relevant spoken languages are:
When seeking help with interpretation, ask the patient's relatives or friends first – unless there is an emergency. Otherwise a member of staff who has a good command of both English and the patient's first language should be asked to interpret. Failing this, contact the relevant local minority community, the community relations council or any other organisation in your area which offers to arrange for interpreting. In cases involving Mental Health it would be important to use a recognised impartial interpreter familiar with issues of the Mental Health Act. NAMES Most people in this country are accustomed to identifying themselves by their given (or Christian) names followed by their surnames, and to being indexed according to their surname. This is not universal practice, and confusion and even offence may arise when recording the names of Asian patients. Probably the best policy is to ask the patient for his or her family name and most used personal name , and use the family name as ‘surname' for recording purposes. Examples are given in the appropriate sections of this booklet. Having decided which name will be used as the ‘surname', it should be made clear to the patient that this is the name by which he/she will be known in the medical records from then on. [Index] THE GOLDEN RULEHINDUISM‘This is the sum of duty: do naught to others which if done to thee would cause pain.' The Mahabbarata
BUDDHISM‘Hurt not others with that which pains yourself.' Udana-Varqa JUDAISM‘What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow men. That is the entire law, all the rest is commentary.' The Talmud ZOROASTRIANISM‘ That nature only is good when it shall not do unto another whatever is not good for its own self.' Dadistan-I-Dinik
CHRISTIANITY‘All things whatsoever ye would that I should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.' The Gospel of Matthew
ISLAM‘No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires himself.' Hadith BAHA'I FAITH‘He should not wish for others that which he doth not wish for himself, nor promise that which he doth not fulfil.' Geanings [Index] HUMANIST AND ATHEIST (NON RELIGIOUS)If a patient puts ‘None' against religion when coming into hospital it does not always mean he or she has no spiritual needs. Sometimes it means that they do not wish to be contacted by anyone or asked to make any commitment. It frequently happens that such patients are happy to talk with the chaplain if the initial approach is social. In this way a relationship may form which gives room for the patient to express feelings, fears and questionings of what they think is happening to them. This can be affirming and formative of their own interpretation of life. ‘Man is the measure of all things' is the keynote in humanistic philosophy, which believes that man himself can improve his own conditions without supernatural aid, and indeed has a duty to do so. A humanist has faith in man's intellect to bring knowledge and understanding into the world and to solve the moral problems of how to use that knowledge. Respect for one's fellow man, irrespective of class, colour or creed is fundamental together with the moral principles of freedom, tolerance, justice and happiness. The close relationship between mind and body means it is inevitable, says the humanist, that when the body ceases to exist at death the whole life of man is finished. Thus there is no belief in immortality. In the words of Bertrand Russell, ‘I believe that when I die I shall rot, and nothing of my ego will survive', ( Why I am not a Christian, Allen & Unwin, 1975). Some feel that Cicero was the first humanist. The humanist emphasis on achievement in this life leads to a concentration of effort in the solving of problems of pain, sickness and death, which limit that level of achievement. There are no special religious requirements. But of course their human integrity and dignity, and personal values should be given the best respect. [Index] PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS
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MUSLIMGENERAL Islam is an Arabic word and connotes submission to the will of God. The other literal meaning of Islam is ‘Peace'. Islam is established on two principal bases of faith: 1 There is no other God worth worshipping except Allah (The entire Universe was created by God whom Islam calls Allah and who is the Lord, the Sovereign of the Universe. He is one and has no associate with Him in divinity). 2 Mohammed (peace be upon him) is the prophet sent by God to all humanity. Therefore whoever honestly believes in and professes faith in the Unity of God and the prophethood of Mohammed (peace be upon him) joins the fold of Islam and is a Muslim. The holy book Qu'uran is the revealed book of Allah. Islam is based on five fundamental principles which should be completely practised by every Muslim: 1 To bear witness that there is no one worthy of worship but Allah and that Mohammed (peace be upon him) is Allah's servant and Apostle for all humanity at large. 2 To establish daily five stated prayers (Salat). First early in the morning before sunrise, second at noon, third midway between noon and sunset, fourth at sunset, fifth at night. There is a set ritual. Privacy for this is appreciated. Before prayer hands must be washed in a prescribed way. 3 Fasting in the month of Ramadan requires abstaining from food and drink and sexual contact from dawn to sunset. 4 Regular Charity (Zabat) – charity to the poor is obligatory and binding. 5 Pilgrimage to Mecca – it is an incumbent duty to be performed once a lifetime if one can afford it. A Muslim also believes in the Divine Books as revealed by Allah to his Apostles for the guidance of mankind, such as the Torah revealed to Moses, the Gospel revealed to Jesus, the Psalms revealed to David and the Qu'uran revealed to Mohammed (peace be upon him); and in the last day of resurrection, which is the day when Allah will call together all mankind (from first to last) in order to carry out his just account with them. In Britain the majority of Muslims are permanently settled from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, or visitors and students from Africa and the Arab countries, but there are Muslims to be found all over the world. Friday is the Holy Day. Prayers are said using a special prayer mat and facing Mecca (South East) – (see map in the Introduction). The Chapel can be used and Christian symbols etc temporarily removed if required. ISMAILIS are SHIA IMAMI MUSLIMS and therefore essentially conform to the Muslim traditions. There are substantial Ismali communities settled in Western Europe and North America who have adapted themselves to the way of life in these countries especially with regards to hygiene, general dietary habits (with notable exceptions), their attitudes to medical treatment etc. Patients should in general be consulted as regards personal preferences since the older generation is likely to be more conservative in their attitudes. In cases of difficulty contact the local community leaders who will be only too happy to be of assistance. As with other Asian patients, confusion may arise when recording names. A Muslim may have several personal or religious names and sometimes also a family name for example, Amjad Mohammed Hussein. If there is a family name use it for the records, if not, establish the main personal name and use it. The vast majority of Arabs are Muslim, either Sunni or less often Sh'ite. However, many westernised Arabs do not practice their religion very much in this country. ‘Muslim' may be more a political statement than a religious declaration. A small number of Arabs are Christian. Islam is growing through the conversion of British men and women, so do not assume those records, which state that ‘John Smith' is a Muslim, are incorrect. Not all Muslims are black, ie Arab, Asian, or Afro-Caribbean, or born outside the UK. Islamic converts are likely to follow the rules of their faith very strictly. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY Marriage In Islam, a happy family life is regarded as the foundation of a healthy society. The Qur'an encourages Muslims to marry and have children. It also emphasises that sexual relationships outside marriage are always wrong. Marriages between Muslims are often arranged by the parents and marrying within the family, ie first cousins is encouraged. Muslim men are allowed to marry up to four wives, but it is very rare for most ordinary Muslims to have more than one wife. Muslims do however think that it is good to be able to take a second wife if the first is unable to have children. Family Planning Strictly speaking an orthodox Muslim would not approve of family planning devices. In practice individuals will vary widely in their attitudes; information about facilities available should be given, and any discussion allowed but no pressure exerted. Any discussion should be in strict confidence, and never in front of visiting relatives or friends. The basic ethical text for most Arabic physicians was the Hippocratic Oath. To this was added the Adab at-tabib. However, whereas the Hippocratic Oath would prohibit abortion, the pharmaceutical textbooks include many abortifacient drugs. Orthodox Islam still follows the older ethical code. Modern medicine in Islamic countries, which have come under western influence, tends to follow western patterns. Birth Some women may refuse to be examined internally before giving birth. When a Muslim child is born it is required that as soon as possible a member of the family recites in the baby's ear a prayer which normally will last a minute or two. A male Muslim child is also required to have circumcision done as soon as possible. Since this is not provided within the NHS the family must make their own private arrangements. When Muslims become parents, they have a special responsibility to ensure that their children grow up understanding the faith. The very first thing a Muslim baby hears on coming into the world is the ‘Shamadah' (the profession of faith). The birth of a child, especially a boy, is a time of rejoicing. Naming a child has a religious significance, therefore, names cannot be chosen before the birth of a baby. MEDICAL CARE General Attitudes A Muslim believes that whatever takes place, good or bad, can only take place with the consent of Allah and according to his judgement and distinction, as nothing can happen in his dominion against his Will. In adversity and calamity a Muslim is forbidden to despair and is required to be patient, seeking help through prayers and remembrance of Allah. Drugs derived from pork are strictly forbidden. Generally Muslims try to persevere with pain, believing it to be God's will. Blood Transfusions and Transplants In strictly orthodox terms these can only be accepted with reluctance. However the decision lies with the individual and his family, who if they wish can consult local religious leaders. Ablutions and Toilet Muslims attach great importance to cleanliness. Ablution before each prayer is necessary. The worshiper washes his hands, rinses his mouth, washes his hands up to the elbows and feet up to ankles. After menstruation women are required to wash their whole bodies, and the use of a shower rather than a bath would be preferred by Muslims. Modesty The Islamic religion teaches high moral values, which includes: • The separation of men and women in public places. • Women to keep their bodies covered, apart from their face at all times, especially in public places. • Since clothes have a religious significance, some women will be reluctant to wear hospital nighties or pyjamas and examination gowns. omen wear a headscarf and men wear a brimless hat and may wish to continue doing so while in hospital. • Women may refuse to be examined by a male doctor. Generally a Muslim woman is not allowed to be examined or be surrounded by male members of medical staff. It is always preferable that a female member of the medical staff is present. In certain cases a Muslim woman may not agree at all to being examined or treated by a male member of the medical staff. In Islam free mixing of sexes is prohibited and women are required to cover their head and chest to maintain modesty and moral standards. Muslims should be accommodated in mixed wards only in emergency situations. This is an area in which an open-minded and helpful approach by staff could be particularly helpful – for example when a female patient finds it difficult to accept an X-ray gown because of its shortness. NB This culture is so strong that male spiritual leaders will not be likely to minister to female Muslims. Diet Food Lamb, beef, goat, chicken and rabbit, buck deer etc are allowed provided these are killed by a Muslim with a religious prayer (Halal food). Pakistanis are particularly strict about eating non-Jalal meat. Pork meat, carrion and blood are forbidden, also all types of wines and alcohol. In Britain a Muslim buys his meat from a Muslim butcher who is available according to Islamic injunctions, because meat or food generally available in the shops usually contains animal fats. Fish and eggs are allowed, but if these are cooked where pork or other meat is cooked then they are not permissible. Both Pakistanis and Arabs like their food well seasoned and spiced. Bland hospital food may seem unacceptable, or even make them vomit. Fasting During the month of Ramadan a Muslim eats before observing his fast, that is 1½ hours before sunrise, and is allowed to eat and drink all lawful things after sunset. Fasting is excused during menstruation and after a recent childbirth. Those who are sick, on a journey or breastfeeding their babies are not asked to fast, but they should make up for this later. If the doctor feels it is important that the patient should eat and drink more, it is useful to explain that this is part of the ‘medicine' to assist recovery. DEATH AND DYING For the Muslim, death is a transition from this world to eternity. The purpose of life, according to the Qur'an, is to prepare for eternal life, for every soul shall taste death. In the Islamic faith there is a belief in the Day of Judgement and the stages of life, death and resurrection have no meaning until one completes the full cycle. As death approaches, family members and other Muslims join the dying person and together they recite verses from the Qur'an. The dying person may ask to be positioned so as to have his or her body facing towards Mecca (in this country, towards the south-east). When death is imminent, the ‘Declaration of Faith' is said and the dying person responds, if possible, with ‘I bear witness that there is no God but God and Muhammed is his prophet'. Grief is expressed very openly and publicly. If possible, a dying patient should be moved to a side room and/or relatives offered a private place to grieve. A firm but gentle request may have to be made to avoid disturbing other patients. Following death, the body is washed and wrapped in a shroud, turned towards Mecca (South East) and a funeral prayer is said. The relatives will do this if asked. The body should be left untouched except that the body is straightened, the eyes and mouth closed and the big toes fastened together, and the head turned towards the right shoulder (ie Mecca) ready for burial. Always wear disposable gloves to avoid defiling the deceased. If it is necessary to remove the body to the mortuary it should not be uncovered, except for washing which must only be carried out by another Muslim of the same sex. The Janaza prayers, which follow a death, are preferably said at the Mosque. For these reasons the body should be released to the undertakers as quickly as possible. It needs to be realised that many Muslims have a dread that their bodies may be mutilated for experimental, or other purposes after death, and there is a need for reassurance on these grounds. Muslims believe in the resurrection of the body so they are buried, never cremated. Permission for post-mortem will only be given if legally required. Since burial must take place as quickly as possible, it is appreciated if the documents can be completed immediately after the death, enabling the registration and funeral to be arranged without delay. Locum doctors should be asked to attend to this before leaving the hospital. FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book The Qur'an. Festivals There are several festivals which follow the lunar calendar (and consequently are not relative to the modern calendar). Ramadam: is the best known. It is the ninth month and during this time Muslims fast from before dawn to sunset daily. Eid al – Fitre: a major festival at the conclusion of the fast of Ramadam. Eid al – Adha: Marks the end of the Jajj. In Muslim countries all families who can afford to sacrifice an animal as Abraham did in place of his son Ishmail. In the UK this is usually carried out by the community. Personnel Individual mosques are generally controlled by an annually elected committee which also appoints the leader of the congregation ie the Imam, who can also be a local community spokesman. There is no hierarchy of ordained clergy. Contacts (please see also “Modesty” in MEDICAL CARE notes) Chester Islamic Society Shahjalal Mosque Bangladeshi & Asian Community Development Project Islamic Cultural Centre Shahjalal Mosque Shahjalal Mosque Imams and Mosques Council Web Sites: Islamic Studies, Islam, Arabic and Religion www.arches.edu/-godlas/ [Index] SIKHISMGENERAL The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak, born in Talvandi in 1469, Guru Nanak envisaged a society in which every member would work for the common good. ‘Sikh means ‘disciple'. He and the nine other Gurus who followed him sought to set an example in the way of living spiritually while at the same time taking an active part in the world. Guru Nanak was opposed to religious practices taking the form of superstitions and ritual acts, which he saw as barriers rather than aids to worship. He spoke against the caste system, against customs of ‘purdah' (veiling) and ‘sati' (widow burning), and gave women not only equal but rather higher status than men. He emphasised the One-ness of God and his omni-presence; and he stressed the virtues of truthfulness, kindness and generosity, and the equality of men. His teachings were followed by nine more Sikh Gurus over a period of two hundred years. The tenth Guru, Gobind Singh, knit the Sikhs into a saint and soldier nation with a common loyalty and a common purpose, and at the same time introduced a more democratic form of organisation with less reliance on a single man; He introduced Sikh baptism in 1699: all baptised adopted the same family names of ‘Singh (lion) for men and ‘Kaur' (Princess for women, and the men and women all wore five symbols of brotherhood. Sikhism is as much a way of life as a religion. Referred to as the five K's because of their Punjabi names which begin with that letter. They are: Kesh - Uncut hair Kangha - Comb used to keep the hair tidy. (Sikh men wear a turban to keep their hair in place). Kara - Metal bangle Kaccha - Special shorts Kirpin - Dagger/sword. (The sixth must be prepared to defend his religion and people at all times. There is a strict emphasis on physical fitness) The Guru also instructed the Sikhs to rise early and say prayers in the morning, at sunset and before returning to bed. The main ideals that influence the way of life for Sikhs are based on the following: 1 Equality: All human beings are equal because God is contained in every heart. The distinction of caste, colour and creed only serve to perpetuate the inequalities, which are created by selfish human beings. 2 Worship of God: Sikhs believe God to be present everywhere; therefore prayers can be said anywhere at any time. However, the best times for prayers are considered to be before dawn, at dusk and before going to bed. 3 Dignity of Labour: Sikhism condemns idleness or a tendency to live off others. For Sikhs, there is dignity in labour in any job provided it is legal and ethical. Use of dishonest means is regarded as a sin. 4 Giving Charity: Living and sharing is shown in the concern for needs of the poor. By giving one tenth of their income to religious purposes or for the needy in the community. Voluntary Service: This plays an important part in the Sikh way of life. The Sikh code of conduct • Sikhs are forbidden to cut their hair. • Sikhs are forbidden to commit adultery. • Sikhs are forbidden to smoke or chew tobacco. Drugs and alcohol will only be taken in moderation. • Sikhs are forbidden to eat Halal or Kosher meat. Many Sikhs do not eat beef because of the Hindu influence and many are vegetarians out of choice. Names Sikhs have three names: a personal name, then a title (Singh for all men, Kaur for all women), then the family name: e.g. Harbans Singh Gill; Davinder Kaur Bhuller. Sikhs usually prefer to be called by their first name, or by their first name and the honorific title. However, to avoid confusion in the records it is best to obtain the family name of possible and use it thus: Gill, H S (man); Bhuller, D K (woman). The husband of Mrs Kaur will be Mr Singh. The wife of Mr Sing is never Mrs Singh but Mrs Kaur. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY Marriage Marriage is particularly important for Sikhs as it is the basis for bringing up children in the Sikh faith. Marriage involves not just the couple, but also their families and because of this, the choice of a marriage partner is made with the advice and assistance of the families. Sikhs regard marriage as a sacred bond of mutual dependence between a man and a woman. Sikh families, like most Indian families have a tradition of extended or joint family. This tradition is not possible to continue in Britain as the houses are not large enough to accommodate an extended family. Sikhs maintain a strong and supportive family structure. Family Planning Sikhs have no objections to family planning. Birth Relatives will be anxious to visit the mother and child as soon as possible after the birth. This is a time of great rejoicing, with distribution of sweets to celebrate – particularly if the baby is a boy. Relatives will be anxious that the mother has complete rest for forty days after birth – they will be very worried if she has to get up for a bath within the first few days, for example. This attitude is based on the belief that a woman is at her weakest at this time and very susceptible to chills, backaches etc. On the other hand it may require considerable tact and gentle persuasion to reconcile the mother to her baby being placed in a separate room, if the hospital's procedures require this. Visiting relatives will sometimes have to be persuaded to leave gifts of new clothing for the baby at the bedside, rather than putting them on straight away. The desire for a son for some is often misunderstood as a disappointment at the birth of a daughter. Sons are seen as security, especially as the boys are expected to look after their ageing parents. Soon after the birth of a child, the parents visit the Temple to pray and decide on a name for their child. This is done by opening the Holy Book, Guri – Granth Sahib, at random and the first letter of the hymn letter of the child's personal name. For this reason, parents are unable to choose a name before birth. First name is common to both sexes, the second name usually is Singh for a boy and Kaur for a girl, followed by a surname. MEDICAL CARE General Attitudes Generally speaking, Sikh patients will willingly accept the authority of the professional, whether male or female. They may tend to favour home remedies for ailments such as coughs, and be slow to seek professional attention. Blood Transfusions and Transplants Sikhs have no objections to these. Ablutions and Toilet As with other Asian patients, Sikhs prefer to wash in free flowing water rather than sitting in a bath; and they will appreciate having water provided in the same room as the WC or with a bedpan when one has to be used. They will want to wash their hands and rinse their mouths before meals. Like most Asians, Sikhs attach great importance to cleanliness. They prefer showers to baths. Washing hands in free-flowing water before meals, prayers and after visiting a toilet is a must. Modesty Women prefer to be examined by female doctors, but in the case of emergencies they do not mind being examined by male doctors provided there is a female member of staff present. Likewise, they should be accommodated in mixed wards only in emergency situations. Staff can help avoid embarrassment by being helpful and understanding – for example, when a patient has difficulty in accepting an X-ray gown because of its shortness. Sikh men are expected to wear a turban, which clearly identifies their religion, but not all do due to social difficulties. It is an insult to try and remove a person's turban. Sikhs do not cut their hair and take great pride in keeping the hair clean and tidy. Young boys have their hair plaited until they are old enough to tie a turban. Women dress modestly, but can wear a range of clothing. Traditionally, they wear loose trousers and a long tunic with a long scarf as the Pakistani women. Some wear a sari. Young girls are encouraged to keep their legs covered when they reach their teens. Sikh women wear loose trousers under a long tunic and a long scarf called ‘shunni'. Going out alone to parties and discos is discouraged, especially for girls. The older female population prefer to be examined by female doctors. Medical care takes priority over the availability of male/female doctors. Diet Food Most Sikhs do not eat beef. While some will accept other meats, others will not eat meat of any kind. It is helpful to explain to patients whether dishes contain beef, park or lamb: they may not be familiar with such names as ‘Irish stew,' or ‘Scotch broth'. Fasting Some Sikhs may wish to fast when there is a full moon, but this is by no means universal. DEATH AND DYING The Sikh belief is that it is part of God's purpose that we all die. Death is regarded as similar to sleep and of short duration. Individual existence is considered to be the result of a repeated sequence of birth, death and rebirth as the soul seeks spiritual enlightenment. For the Sikh, God is all pervading and is the source of life. It is believed that a dead person's virtuous deeds constitute a link with those still alive and, together with his words, stand as his true memorial. This is why there is a complete prohibition of any kind of memorial. Prayers for the dead form no part of the Sikh religion. Relations will advise but usually a dying Sikh will appreciate passages of the holy book, “Adi-Granth” being read to him by a presence of his family or local Sikh community. Following death, the room in which the body is laid must have a light switched on until it is removed. Grief is openly and publicly expressed so it may be advisable to move a dying patient into a side room or for the relatives to be given a private place to grieve. The dying person may receive comfort by reciting hymns from the Sikh holy book. A relative or any other practising Sikh may share in the reciting of the hymns. It is important that the person should die while speaking the name of God (Wonderful Lord). Some may ask for holy water to be put into the mouth. Traditionally, the funeral takes place before the next sunset. At Sikh funerals, families say goodbye to their dead relatives. The prayer said before going to sleep is used at funerals, symbolising that death is similar to sleep and should not be mourned. The body is cremated and the ashes scattered in running water, ie a river or sea. Every effort should be made to complete documents as soon as possible after the death. Locum doctors should be asked to attend to this before leaving the hospital. Permission for post-mortem is given only if legally required. Relatives will fully participate in the making of all arrangements, but will need guidance on death certificates, registration, etc, as usual. After death the attendants should not trim the person's beard or cut his hair. The body should be covered with a plain white cloth. ‘The five Ks form an essential part of the dead male's body adornments:the kaccha, or knee-length shorts, the kangha or small comb which holds in place the kesh or cut hair, the kara , a steel bangle, and the kirpan , a small sword.' The washing and dressing of the corpse should be done by a member of the same gender, and can be done when the body has been taken from the hospital. FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book Before he died Guru Gobind Singh declared that the book of scriptures, ‘Guru Granth Sahib', should be his successor, and it is through this Holy book that Sikhs now approach the ‘Waheguru', the Wonderful Lord. Festivals The four major festivals celebrated in the UK are: 1 Guru Nanak Dev's Birthday - 3 days in November 2 Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur - November or December 3 Guru Gobind Singh's Birthday - December or January 4 Manygrydan of Guru Arjan Dev - May or June Personnel The Sikh temple is called the Gurdwara, where the Granth Sahib is kept with utmost respect. The Gurdwara is more than a place of worship, it is a community centre – the focal point of the Sikh community. There are no priests in Sikhism, any competent person from the community can lead the service. Contacts Gurduara and Sikh Community Centre Guru Nanak Gurduara Network of Sikh Organisations (UK) Sikh Missionary Society [Index] QUAKERS (known as The Society of Friends)GENERAL Quakers are not so much followers of a religion but of a way of life, which can be traced to the English Puritan movement of the 17 th century. William Penn, one of their leaders established the American colony of Pennsylvania. The first asylum in England was opened by them and Elizabeth Fry began notable work in prison reform. The society of Friends meet for silent worship and inner guidance, they stress social action and reject the sacraments and definitions of faith. At the time of the birth of the movement their aim in worship was to be led by the spirit, and it was reported that they quaked before God in worship – (hence "Quakers"). MEDICAL CARE There are no special features to note, except the guidelines which come from their way of life. They look to order their lives in accordance with the goodness of God as revealed to them by the “Inner Light”. Their meetings are therefore occasions wherein people wait for the Spirit of God to speak in and through them. They have no dogma except they are called upon to act towards others in the way most likely to lead to a response of goodness. There are therefore no special requirements except respect for their undoubted integrity and dignity. DEATH AND DYING No special notes FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book The Bible, but only regarded as another (though important) source of help. Festivals None Personnel Quakers have no ordained ministry and their affairs are organised on democratic lines in the Friends Meeting House. Contacts Society of Friends Meeting House Christine Cannon [Index] CHRISTIAN SCIENCEGENERAL The Church of Christ, Scientist, was founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy (1821 – 1910). Mrs Eddy suffered from severe illness in the first half of her life, and experimented with various alternative healing methods. When she experienced an accident that was deemed fatal she turned to the New Testament, having been a lifelong student of the Bible. She found complete restoration to health on reading one of the healings of Christ Jesus described in the Gospels. After satisfying herself that the spiritual understanding – or divine Science – which had healed her would prove effective for others too, she explained her systematic method of Christian healing in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. The Bible together with the Christian Science textbook, as Science and Health is known, form the “pastor” of the faith, which has adherents throughout the world. There are about 150 congregations in the UK. The Church retains its original aim to “reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing.” It is probably best known for its reliance on prayer alone for the healing of sickness and disease. The recovery of individuals from all types of physical difficulties is attested to in testimonies that appear in the weekly and monthly magazines published by the Christian Science Publishing Society. Adherents understand such healing to be in direct line with that practised by Jesus and the early Christian church. They see it as an integral part of the overall ministry of Christianity, which comes about as the natural result of drawing closer to God in one's thought, and life. Prayer and Healing: Access to the Bible, the writings of Mary Baker Eddy, and the magazines – Christian Science Sentinel and Christian Science Journal – is vital to the student of Christian Science. These are published by the Christian Science Publishing Society, and can be obtained from Christian Science Reading Rooms in many locations. Privacy and quietness in order to study these would be appreciated. MEDICAL CARE General Attitudes When someone joins the church it is understood that there will be reliance on God for healing, rather than on medicines or surgery. Christian Science treatment is purely spiritual, calling for a deeper understanding of man's relationship with God. Christian Scientists, however, remain free moral agents and the church does not control the actions of its members. It does not rebuke those who for any reason decide to rely on conventional medical means for the treatment of a physical complaint. Christian Scientists will not normally be treated in hospitals but will most often remain at home while praying for themselves, or while having the prayerful assistance of a Christian Science practitioner – a church member who devotes his or her life to the healing ministry. If there is a need for physical care during this time there are Christian Science nurses available, who can also be received at one of two special Christian Science Houses in the South of England. From time to time Christian Scientists do find themselves in hospital, receiving care from the medical profession. They may be admitted as the result of an accident or occasionally they may choose to admit themselves. Sometimes a Christian Scientist may decide to have a bone set surgically. They are law-abiding citizens and during pregnancy they will notify their local doctor, and will arrange for the doctor or a midwife to attend the birth in accord with current states. They will also seek medical treatment for their children in accordance with current UK law. Special Considerations If in hospital voluntarily, the Christian Scientist is likely to accept conventional medical treatment, though perhaps desiring drugs and/or therapy to be kept to a minimum. If not in hospital voluntarily, eg after accidents, they would normally wish to be completely free of medical treatment. They will generally wish to contact a Christian Science practitioner to ask for treatment through prayer, and will appreciate privacy at times when the practitioner visits. He/she may possibly request a transfer to a Christian Science House, where nursing care can be given in accordance with his/her religious conviction. Blood Transfusion Christian Scientists have no specific objections to blood transfusions as opposed to any other medical treatment. Their desire to rely on spiritual means alone for healing though means they would generally not wish to participate either as a donor or recipient. Parents complying with the requirements of the law in the UK, which currently states that a doctor should be called to attend a child at time of illness (Children and Young Children Act, 1933) would not object to a blood transfusion, if the doctors considered it to be essential. Organ Transplantation and Research Christian Scientists would wish to maintain the body inviolate and would not normally wish to donate or receive any organ as this represents a material method of treatment. Diet Food No special considerations, apart from individual preferences. Christian Scientists voluntarily refrain from drinking alcohol and smoking, and would usually prefer an environment free from these. DEATH AND DYING Christian Scientists wish to be free from post mortems, unless required by law. Wherever possible they would wish for the body of a female to be prepared for burial by one of her own sex. Cremation is usually preferred to burial, but this is entirely a matter for the family to decide upon. There are no last rites to be administered in the Christian Science religion. FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book The Bible and “Science and Health” (also the regular Journals). Festivals None Personnel Membership of the Church Contacts The District Manager of the Christian Science Committees on Publication in Great Britain and Ireland: Local contact: Mrs Kate Nicholls [Index] |
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JEHOVAH'S WITNESSESGENERAL Jehovah's Witnesses are a fundamentalist group. They are often good and well-intentioned people living exemplary lives. They would not regard themselves as a cult. Since the obtaining of new members has a high priority among their religious obligations, their conversations will often tend to move in this direction. Visits from fellow-believers should be restricted to the individual Jehovah Witness patient. They do not wish to participate in any act of worship other than their own, nor do they celebrate Christmas. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY There are no particular observances. MEDICAL CARE General AttitudesAll Jehovah Witnesses should now carry a Medical Alert Card giving all necessary emergency medical information and a contact address. Whilst there are no clear biblical directives considerable problems may be encountered to procedures such as renal dialysis, vaccinations and organ transplantation (whether donor or recipient) are contemplated. These decisions rest with each individual and their conscience. The Unit Nurse Manager should be informed as such situations arise. Blood Transfusions and TransplantsBlood transfusions are forbidden. For the Jehovah Witness “blood” represents the “Life” of a person and is therefore considered “sacred”. However, when blood is lost they will normally accept non-blood volume expanders, e.g. Saline solution, Dextran, Haemacel or Hugroxyethylen Starch (HES), Ringers solution, Hartman's solution. In the case of major surgery, developments such as perfluorochemicals can be very helpful if acceptable to the patient. They are prepared to die for their beliefs. Ablutions and Toilet There are no particular observances. Modesty There are no particular observances. Diet Food In hospital they will usually eat meat as part of their diet, but not black pudding or other blood sausages or birds that are either unbled or killed by strangling. Fasting There are no particular observances. DEATH AND DYING The patient or relatives will advise, but usually Jehovah Witnesses appreciated the support and prayers of fellow Witnesses. FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book The J W Bible and Watch Tower Festivals None Personnel Appointed leader Contacts Jehovah Witnesses Ellesmere Port 0151 355 5566 Mr R M Seed Kingdom Hall Web Sites jw's and blood. xtn.org/cyberdoc/jw bmj-com/cgi/letters/322/7277/37#EL21
[Index]
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THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS (MORMONISM)GENERAL This is not an orthodox Christian religion. However, the Chaplains will help if any difficulties arise. Mormons have a high moral standard, internal integrity, and missionary zeal. They would not regard themselves as being a cult. Mormons may receive a visit from members of their Church designated as ‘teachers' who may wish to pray with, and anoint the patient, or administer the sacrament. These visits should be restricted to individual Mormon patients. The patient may wish to pray twice daily, morning and evening, and should be given privacy. Dress A large number of Mormons wear clothing of a specific and sacred religious significance. The garment is considered to be very sacred and should be treated with great deference. It is worn in place of the usual underclothing and consists of a white one or two piece garment covering the upper and lower body. It should be removed only at a time of emergency, incapacity or death when the patient cannot remove it himself. MEDICAL CARE General Attitudes There are no particular observances. Blood Transfusions and TransplantsBlood transfusions are permissible. Any prescribed drug may be taken. Ablutions and ToiletNo particular observances ModestySee “Dress” above. Diet FoodCoffee, tea, alcohol, cola and tobacco are prohibited. Alcohol or caffeine however, are permissible as constituents of medication. Fasting They are required to fast once every month for 24 hours. DEATH AND DYING The relatives should be asked whom to call. They do not welcome the rites of any other sect, religion or chaplain. There are no particular observances or views about post-mortem or cremation. FURTHER REFERENCE Holy Book The Book of Mormon and the Bible, also the “Doctrine of Covenants and Pearl of great price.” Festivals Contacts Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints [Index] RASTAFARIANSGENERAL Origin Rastafari is a way of life and not a religion. The movement started in Jamaica has strong links with Ethiopia. They believe in one true God, Haile Selassie, and hope to return to Africa, their true home, where they will then be free. Language Most speak Creole and English. Religion In addition to their own beliefs, they have many links with both the Christian and Jewish faith. Reggae music plays a very important part in life and worship. Some may be under the influence of a form of cannabis called ‘ganja' or ‘herb' which is used to aid meditation. Dress Rastafarians usually wear ordinary western clothes. On Holy Days, white clothes are often worn which are made in an African style. A traditional Rastafarian hat, called a tam, is worn by men, and women always keep their hair covered, usually with a scarf. They are taught never to cut their hair as it is a symbol of strength. The long braids are called dreadlocks. Patients will refuse to have it combed and may object to having it washed. They will not wear synthetic materials and women are forbidden to wear trousers. The following matters are best discussed with each person individually. Remember that many will express their emotions very openly and publicly. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY No special notes MEDICAL CARE Some patients may refuse blood transfusions. DEATH AND DYING No special notes FURTHER REFERENCE Personnel A chaplain, based in Liverpool, has a special duty to visit the sick. Contacts The Rastafarian Society [Index] RELIGIOUS CULTSReligious cults differ from the world-wide religious faiths in the following ways: • they usually focus on one key idea or doctrine; • there is a strong personality who produced the idea and drives it; • there is strict hierarchical discipline; • members tend to live in a commune/community which reinforces the doctrine, the leader and the discipline; • there are considerable demands placed on members to bring in others through outreach programmes and evangelism; • outwardly they may appear to be like other religious groups and churches but further investigation reveals that they are quite different; • usually they are unsympathetic to generally accepted societal and family relationships. Further Information from: FAIR (Family Action information and Rescue) Tel. 0207-539-3940 FAIR is a voluntary organisation composed of parents, doctors, clergy, ex-cult members and other concerned persons. It is not committed to any specific religious or political stance. FAIR offers counselling and support to families and individuals who have been adversely affected by cult involvement. This is only given with the consent of the cult member and the decision as to whether or not to leave the cult remains with the individual. FAIR does not seek to convert cult members to any other belief. INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements) Tel. 0207-831-4990 INFORM is a non-sectarian charity which conducts research into new religious movements and provides information that is as objective, balanced and up-to-date as possible through its international network of contacts, including scholars and research organisations. It has the support of the Home Office. Some Local Examples Jehovah's Witnesses The Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) Christian Scientists [Index] NEW AGE MOVEMENTS‘New Age' has no formal structure, officials or institutions. It is a cluster of different causes, ideas and forms of worship of which many are not new at all. ‘New Age' is often explained by saying that after 2,000 years, we are moving from the Age of Pisces to the New Age of Aquarius. Consequently, it is full of hope and optimism and places its trust in the positive potential of human beings to discover a complete explanation for the inverse and put right the evils of the past. ‘New Age' believers worship mother earth, sometimes using the name of an old Greek goddess, Gaia. God and humanity merge together so that God loses its separateness. Humanity is felt to be essentially decent and good, and little attention is paid to the evil in the world or in human nature. These ideas lead people to a deep interest in the environment, ‘Green' issues, vegetarianism, and beliefs in psychic forces. Religion of all kinds is highly respected, especially those which see God in all creation and within each individual. High value is given to ‘feminine' rather than ‘masculine qualities, to those religions where nature and women are prominent, and to the feminist movement. Believers look for holistic lifestyles and approaches to healing, making use of crystals, incense, ‘New Age' music, meditation, psychotechnologies to change consciousness, magic, mediums, witchcraft and occultic symbolism. [Index] |
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Page last updated:
6 August, 2005
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